3/5/2023 0 Comments Emergent phenomenaSocial-ecological systems are complex adaptive systems composed of networks of relations and interactions between humans and nonhuman entities (Bodin and Tengö 2012 for an animated clip on SES as complex adaptive systems, see ). This growing body of detailed, descriptive understanding of SES provides a rich empirical knowledge base, however, we lack tools to synthesize this knowledge into possible explanations of the social-ecological interactions and processes that may have generated an emergent social-ecological phenomenon. Empirical work on adaptive governance, resilience, and transformation has illustrated how complex interactions give rise to system-level patterns, which in turn affect local interactions (Folke et al. When studying social-ecological phenomena such as regime shifts, transformations, or sustainable governance, we are thus faced with the challenge of unraveling how dynamic interactions among and between human and nonhuman elements of a SES jointly generate the emergent phenomenon of interest. These interactions give rise to patterns, structures, and dynamics that feedback on the processes that generated them in a continuously evolving manner (Levin et al. Social-ecological systems (SES) are complex adaptive systems (CAS) that are constituted by interactions between diverse people and elements of diverse ecosystems (Berkes and Folke 1998, Folke et al. Key words: action situation agency complex adaptive systems emergence explanation intertwindness INTRODUCTION We conclude by discussing the added value of the framework and discussing the different purposes it can serve: from supporting the development of theories of the emergence of social-ecological phenomena, enhancing transparency of SES understandings to serving as a boundary object for interdisciplinary knowledge integration. ![]() The framework goes beyond existing frameworks and approaches, such as the SES framework or causal loop diagrams, by establishing a way of analyzing SES that focuses on the interplay of social-ecological interactions with the emergent outcomes they produce. ![]() We test the ability of the framework to structure an analysis of processes of emergence by applying it to different case studies of regime shifts, traps, and sustainable resource use. We suggest six social-ecological ASs along with social and ecological action situations that can commonly be found in natural resource or ecosystem management contexts. The aim of our SE-AS (social-ecological action situations) framework is to support a process of developing hypotheses about configurations of ASs that may explain an emergent social-ecological phenomenon. The framework extends the concept of an action situation to provide a conceptualization of SES that focusses on social-ecological interactions and their links across levels. We have developed a framework of linked action situations (AS) as a tool to capture those interactions that are hypothesized to have jointly and dynamically generated a social-ecological phenomenon of interest. Analyses of SES phenomena thus require approaches that can account for (1) the intertwinedness of social and ecological processes and (2) the ways they jointly give rise to emergent social-ecological patterns, structures, and dynamics that feedback on the entities and processes that generated them. Social-ecological system phenomena, such as regime shifts, transformations, or traps, emerge from interactions among and between human and nonhuman entities within and across scales. Social-ecological systems (SES) are complex adaptive systems. Collapse of the Baltic Sea cod populations.Application of the Social-Ecological Action Situations (SE-AS) Framework to Analyze Emergent Social-Ecological Phenomena. ![]() Types of Social-Ecological, Social, and Ecological Action Situations.Configurations of linked action situations at and across levels.Broadening the concept of an action situation.Analyzing Social-Ecological Systems (SES) as Multilevel Complex Adaptive Systems: the Social-Ecological Action Situations (SE-AS) Framework.Frameworks and Analytical Approaches for Analysis of Social-Ecological Systems (SES). ![]() 1Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden, 2Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Australia, 3Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden
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